Male Fertility
Understanding and Diagnosing Male Fertility
Types of diagnostic tests:
- Semen Analysis
-
Microbiological Analysis of Semen
-
Functional Maturity Test (HBA Test - Sperm-Hyaluronan Binding)
-
Test for the Presence of White Blood Cells in Semen (MAR Test)
-
Detailed morphological analysis (based on Krüger’s strict criteria)
-
Oxidative Stress Test (MiOXSYS)
Sperm Processing and Selection
-
Sperm CentrifugationOne of the main methods for isolating sperm. It is performed under sterile conditions and is indicated for IUI, IVF, and ICSI. It is also used in cases of retrograde ejaculation, cryopreservation, and azoospermia to concentrate sperm in the form of a sediment.
-
Swim-up TechniqueSelection method based on motility. The sperm are not centrifuged beforehand to avoid damaging the membranes. Motile sperm swim in the culture medium, while immotile sperm remain behind. Higher-quality cells are selected for IVF or ICSI.
-
Density Gradient CentrifugationIt separates and concentrates the motile spermatozoa, eliminating the immotile ones, cellular debris, and leukocytes. Solutions of varying concentrations are used (e.g., 40% and 80%). The most motile sperm settle at the bottom of the test tube.
-
Swimming to the surface after centrifugation in a gradientThis method combines the previous two. The ejaculate is first processed in a density gradient, after which the sediment is covered with a culture medium in which the motile sperm cells rise to the surface.
High-Tech Insulation Methods
Magnetically Activated Sorting (MACS)
Microfluidic systems (microchips)
Retrograde ejaculation
Frequently Asked Questions
These methods are used to retrieve sperm directly from the testicles or epididymis in men with azoospermia. These sperm are not fully mature and require ICSI fertilization. The methods include: PESA (percutaneous needle aspiration), MESA (microepididymal aspiration via surgical access), TESA (testicular needle aspiration) and TESE (surgical removal of a small tissue sample). They are recommended in cases of testicular insufficiency, absence of the vas deferens, or following a vasectomy.
A procedure for the long-term preservation of sperm under optimal conditions through slow cooling or vitrification with cryoprotectants. It is performed for a number of reasons: before radiation therapy or chemotherapy; before surgery; when the partner cannot be present on the day of egg retrieval; in cases of difficulty with ejaculation due to stress; in cases of significant abnormalities in the semen analysis; or for personal reasons.
